Fred Hoyle's Contributions to Astronomy
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6 pages. It seems most of the scientific community has accepted the Big Bang Theory as the creation of the universe, but since that time Hoyle has always refused to follow that line, arguing that the Big Bang has not lived up to its early promise, and that his revised Steady State theory, that the universe has always existed, better fits the facts. This paper discusses the accomplishments and contributions to astronomy made by Fred Hoyle. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: JGAhoyle.wps

Galaxies & What They Are / A Comprehensive Overview
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A 5 page research paper on some of the available information about galaxies in general, including classification types, estimated numbers (more than 50 billion!), and some of the current research into the origins, nature and future of the Universe. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: Galaxy.wps

Galileo and the Advent and Balance of Modern Science
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This 6 page report discusses the Italian mathematician, physicist, and astronomer Galilei Galileo as presented by Stillman Drake in his 1957 classic “Discoveries and Opinions of Galileo.” Galileo was an important component if not the most important component of the intellectual avalanche of ideas and hypotheses that began in the 16th century. It is essential that modern historians understand where “the balance” of science occurred and at what point its “marked change” took place. In addition, a short explanation is included regarding the differences between the winter and summer Solstice. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: BWbalsci.wps

Galileo Galelei and the Heliocentric Model
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10 pages in length. A discussion of the life and works of Galileo and the religious controversy that surrounded his heliocentric model. Galileo was among the first to suggest that the planets revolved around the sun and not around the Earth. The specific reason and issues surrounding his condemnation are examined. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: Galile2.wps

Gaps Between Theory and Application of Satellite Communications
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This 11 page report discusses the gaps between the theories related to satellite communications and their applications as compared with the actual practice being utilized or expanded upon. An ever-increasing number of applications of international communications satellite technology have developed in the past forty years but many of those applications are still variations on the communications theme. This paper both discusses satellites and their capabilities but also examines the number of potential satellite applications that have received little attention or development. Bibliography lists 11 sources.
Filename: BWsat.rtf

Greek Astronomy
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In 8 pages, the author discusses what the early Greeks knew about astronomy and how they knew this information. Many early Greeks are associated with astronomy. They include, among others, Thales, Socrates of Athens, Plato of Athens, Eudoxus of Cnidus, Aristotle, Callippus, Aristarchus of Samos Symposium, Pythagoras, Eratosthenes, and Hypatia. Free Roman Numeral sample outline is included. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: PCgrastr.doc

How Has the Earth's Atmosphere Evolved?
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A 5 page paper discussing changes in the Earth's atmosphere over the last several million years. It is possible that the secondary atmosphere (the first was probably lost) contained even more carbon dioxide than that of today. Volcanic activity was much more pronounced, and there likely were not as many photosynthetic ocean organisms available to use it. The one change we can be certain of is that there is more oxygen now than when it first began to be a standard element of the atmosphere. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: KSatmos.doc

How Has The Space Program Progressed?
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6 pages in length. Inasmuch as the space program started out as more of a competition between nations, it has blossomed into its own fruition. Originally a quest to attain first bragging rights with regard to space exploration, the program began as the result of a rivalry between the Soviet Union and the United States around the time of the Cold War. At that time, there was no way America was going to be outdone by the Soviets when it came to space exploration; because of the United States' steadfastness to achieve greater success, the space program was implemented in full swing. What has come from such intense dedication can fill a multi-volume collection, from all the positive and wonderful aspects to all the regretful and unfavorable events. The writer discusses how the world has gained much knowledge about what exists beyond this planet through the explorations of the space program, an adventure that might not have otherwise come into existence if it were not for the inherent desire to be the best. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: TLCspace2.rtf

Johannes Kepler / German Astronomer
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An 11 page look at the life, works, & contributions of German astronomer Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) who (among other things)-- studied ellipses and created the self-named "Kepler's Laws." The writer presents an excellent overview of numerous writings by Kepler and elaborates a detailed explanation of the laws he posited. A "working" (annotated) bibliography of approximately 8 sources is included and an extended reading list names 40 relevant sources.
Filename: Kepler.wps

Life on Mars
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A 7 page paper which argues that there was, at least during some time in the past, life on the planet Mars. This subject is causing a great deal of controversy in the past few years, with just as many arguing that there is life, as there is not. The evidence presented illustrates that the possibility of life, in regards to Mars, is far more likely than not. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: RAmars.wps